Post your job for free. Get quotes. Read reviews.
Post your job for free. Read reviews, get quotes, and see tips on hiring the right person.
How does it work?There are 665 Dry Lining & Plasterboard - Repair specialists in Richmond upon Thames, and last month we helped homeowners get quotes for their home improvement jobs.
Take a look at our Dry Lining & Plasterboard - Repair specialists profiles, read reviews and request quotes directly.
I have over 15 years experience in the painting & decorating business. For a professional painter & decorator in Berkshire, get in touch with me today.
Latest homeowner review
Hi, I'm Azhar. I am an experienced and professional tradesperson specialised in Flooring and Trim Work. Consultation - I ask the right questions to understand what you need from me and what your desired results are. Every space is unique and requires different approaches. Communication - One of the biggest issues in the trade is communication between the tradesperson and the client. I always keep my clients in the loop with the progress of their project and also if any issues occur or if any important decisions need to be made. Tools and Equipment - I only use the best trade rated power tools and equipment, no job is too big (or too small) with the right tools and equipment. I personally like to use the big red brand Milwaukee. Attention to Detail - All the details matter! If I can spot it, then so can you. I'll never consider a project finished until we are both happy with the final results. If you need me to rectify something or make any changes, then I will be more than happy to do so. Design Experience - I'm passionate about every project. I've worked as a design consultant for one of the largest kitchen design company's in the UK. Tell me all about your project! I'm based in Luton and usually cover the Bedfordshire and surround area. But I am more than happy to travel that little bit further for any interesting projects. Lets work together! Azhar Ahmed Two A Design and Build
Latest homeowner review
I had laminate flooring put into a box room. From the onset Azhar had great communication about how he would do the job. Pricing was extremely reasonable considering he travelled a distance to my location. Azhar was very meticulous with his finishing touches to the flooring and ensured it looked professional and stylish. He is definitely skilled. Along the way Azhar explained his thought process and ensured I was 100% happy with the final look. I would highly recommend him for floor installation!!
Our History & Philosophy Our strength comes from our ability to adapt quickly to our customers needs and the competitive marketplace. Established since 2010 We take great care in building strong relationships, not only with our clients, but with our subcontractors, suppliers and the local community to ensure all works are carried out safely. We pride ourselves on our ability to protect the environment and ensure the health, safety and well-being of our workforce, clients and members of the public during construction work. We have grown from strength to strength, now employing over 30 members of staff. We invest heavily in our staff as we believe they are the key to our success and continued growth.
Latest homeowner review
Kitchen turned out great and Victor was really helpful. Many thanks Guys.
We are proud to provide high-quality plastering services and have over 16 years of experience. We specialise in dry lining, plasterboard installation & repairs, internal & external rendering, and plaster skimming, ensuring high-quality finishes for both residential and commercial clients. Customer satisfaction is our top priority, we take pride in providing top-notch service in all aspects of plastering. Whether you’re looking to improve your home or upgrade a commercial property, we are committed to providing you with superior plastering and outstanding customer care. Thanks for viewing our profile and we look forward to having the opportunity to provide you with a free quote
Latest homeowner review
Family company who started trading in 2013 .Our mission is to impact lives, offer our greatest services and advice to homeowners and to develop ongoing relationship for the future. In an ever more tough environment which is governed by the big companies we still believe that developing a good relationship with people is paramount. We always give 100% in order to deliver big or small projects on time with a great sense of duty and responsibility. This being said we are here to offer out our five star services to you in a way that we would like any business regardless of their domain to provide . Many thanks and God bless you. Tudor
Latest homeowner review
Tudor was phenomenal - arrives on time, has quality work, and provides exceptional advice. Would use him and his brother again in a heartbeat.
At O.B.Build we want to make your home look amazing inside or outside.We take pride in our work and can handle any job or task.We are clean tidy, polite and always deliver a quality finish.
Latest homeowner review
Brilliant refurb of 2 bedroom flat, timelines were tight but John delivered to great standards on time! Job included damp control, relaying floors, and painting/redecorating. Would highly recommend. Thank you John!
We are competitively priced and we can handle everything from basic installations to complete renovations.No job is too small or too large and we look forward to taking on new and innovative designs.
Latest homeowner review
Perfect professional clean work. I can’t be happier!
Hi my name is Jordan John Phillip and my company is Jordan JP Plastering. I am a clean, effective and professional plasterer. I take pride in my plastering ability and I always do my best to keep my customers happy with my work.
Latest homeowner review
DK Home Refurbishment Ltd is a trusted building and refurbishment company delivering high-quality residential projects across London and surrounding areas. We specialise in loft conversions, house extensions, basement works and full home refurbishments, providing a complete service from initial planning through to final handover. Our experienced team is committed to excellent workmanship, clear communication and reliable project management. Whether you are looking to maximise space, improve layout, modernise your property or carry out a complete transformation, we ensure every stage is completed to the highest standards and in line with current building regulations. Our services include: • Loft conversions (dormer, mansard and full conversions) • House extensions (rear, side and wrap-around) • Basement conversions and structural basement works • Full property refurbishments and renovations • Structural alterations and internal reconfigurations • Kitchens, bathrooms and full interior finishes • Bespoke joinery and carpentry (wardrobes, doors, skirting, custom storage) We offer full project support, including architectural design, council applications, structural engineering and Building Control compliance. Our aim is to deliver a smooth, stress-free experience by managing the process professionally from concept to completion. If you are planning a refurbishment or extension and want a reliable team with strong attention to detail, DK Home Refurbishment Ltd is here to help bring your vision to life.
Latest homeowner review
not reliable
As a full time firefighter I compliment this role by being a fully qualified plasterer with certificates up to NVQ level 3. I also hold a teaching qualification in plastering. I pride myself on excellent customer service and working to a very high standard. I have been plastering for over 25 years and originally started out working for my fathers company doing a time served apprenticeship before setting up my own business. The projects I have worked on have ranged from managing teams of plasterers for high profile developers such as Charles Church and Bryant Homes. Restoration work for English Heritage and working with private individuals on domestic work ranging from skimming a small ceiling to renovation and extension projects. Proficient in the installation of Dryrod as a rising damp solution. NVQ level 3 diploma in plastering (construction) - solid (full)(QFC). VTCT level 3 preparing to teach in the lifelong learning sector (QCF).
Latest homeowner review
Excellent quality of work to render around new window. Good communication throughout. Very reliable and recommended.
Our team has the skills, experience, qualifications, and desire to ensure we deliver a high standard of workmanship and complete customer satisfaction. cescoating_co_uk
Latest homeowner review
24 YEARS EXPERIENCE ON Builder Contractor With my team we did from Garden Landscape all the way to new build yet making sure Clinet saves and reaches his goal on they projects. We are qualified Gas safety Electrical Plumbing Solar Heat pumps We specialaise on: Loft conversion Bathroom Kitchen Extensions Paiting and Decorating Plumbing Roofing Garden Landscaping Insured and insurance backed guaranteed services
Latest homeowner review
Remi was reasonably priced and I'm happy with the painting in my living room, he also took a quick look at my bathroom lighting at no extra cost
GETTING YOUR PROPERTY REPAIRED IS OUR NO.1 PRIORITY. We are Concept Claims Solutions Buckinghamshire. An end to end project management service to return residential and commercial premises back to their pre-loss condition following our tried and tested processes and systems. With over 20 years of experience; Our system allows the complete cradle to grave management of both a property insurance claim and private renovation job from first notification through to settlement. As Principle Contractors, we undertake all aspects of property repair, rectification and renovation. SAS Resolve Ltd trading as Concept Claims Solutions (North Bucks) is an Appointed Representative of Citrus Compliance. Citrus Compliance is a trading name of Andrew Smith which is authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority. Concept Claim Solutions (North Bucks) is a franchise owned and operated under license, with a registered name of SAS Resolve Ltd. Registered Address: Jubilee House, East Beach, Lytham St.Annes, Lancashire, United Kingdom, FY8 5FT. Registered in England. Please note that photos are for illustration purposes only.
Welcome to our page! How we can help? Our services -General Builders -Refurbishments -General maintenance -Garage Conversions -Plastering / Skimming -Drywall -Water escape -Insurance work considered -Painting and decorating -LVT -Laminate flooring Get in touch for more information and free estimates!
Latest homeowner review
Excellent work by Daniel and George. Thank you guys. Will deffinitly use again.
Call us for Professional Painting & Decoration Services Established in London with 20 years experience . Our Experienced Painters Use Time Honcured Methods to do Fast Cleaning Work .
Latest homeowner review
Good work, nice team
We have over 30 years experience in landscaping and general home improvements, no job to big or small, we provide free quotations and site visits. Customer satisfaction comes first for us every time. All of our work comes guaranteed, we use high quality products, machinery and all work is done in house. We don’t sub contract any work out.
Latest homeowner review
We are a hard working team with great experiance
ES Building Services is a family run business with a team of highly skilled, well experienced and passionate professionals who puts your needs at the forefront of what we do. All our work is completed to the highest industry standards and compliance with current regulations is always met. We focus on providing a high end finish on all of our projects regardless of budget. We will make sure you are involved and understood at every step of the process, from design to completion. Whether it’s a simple maintenance job or a full internal refurbishment, we aim to provide a level of service that exceeds your expectations. Our predominant active contacts consist of bathroom and kitchen refurbishment work. We work alongside multiple industry leaders and have an excellent track record in providing high quality installations across London. With a skilled and mature team of professionals we have an abundance of experience in all areas of building services. We specialise in full internal refurbishments covering all aspects of the build: strip out, plastering, kitchens, bathrooms, plumbing, electrics and everything in between. With over 300+ 5* reviews accross all platforms, rest assured your property is in safe hands with ES Building Services. Kitchens Bathrooms Refurbishments Electrical installation + Everything in between NICEIC Aproved Contractor. GasSafe Registered Engineers. SafeContractor Approved.
Latest homeowner review
We hired ES Electrical to fit our new Kitchen and also added a toilet and shower unit downstairs. From the begening we found Harry and his Team to be very professional but also had have a very friendly approach. They listerned to our concearns during the process of the instillation and also gave us some good advice and ideas. We found them to be very tidy with their work and respected our property. Overhall we are very happy with the outcome of our new Kitchen and Bathroom,hence we have giving this rating.
“I am a versatile handyman with expertise in a wide range of home repairs, maintenance tasks, and gardening services. From fencing repairs, build,patio and paving to carpentry and painting, I bring a strong attention to detail and craftsmanship to every project. With my 5 years experience on private jobs,and all the customers been very happy about my services, i am pleased to introduce my self with confidence and enthusiasm! Additionally, I have experience in gardening, including landscaping, plant care, and garden maintenance. I am committed to delivering high-quality work that ensures both your home and outdoor spaces look their best.” I am new on this site,app, and I don’t have any reviews yet, but definitely they will come!
Latest homeowner review
Over 30 years experience, NVQ and CSCS certified. General plastering, mainly interior plastering. Usually work on my own. Mainly North and East London, willing to go up to 80 miles outside London.
Latest homeowner review
Very good work finished in no time definitely would recommend him and will use him again , reasonable price and work finished beautifully
I have 20 years experience on painting and decorating in Greece and about 2 years in UK London. My company AD&DB is based North London Enfield Town. As a company quality plays a big role into our work. We are always there, fast and reliable, ready to service you at any time.
Latest homeowner review
Alex did a great, happy with his work.
This is Simicus Construction Ltd, we are a team of builders with over 20 years of experience in the Construction Industry.
Im not a biulder , a painter Decorater , Plastering service , if this is wot you require, then please give me a call .
Latest homeowner review
I have no hesitation in recommending Gary and his company. He was quick to quote and start the job. Which is good, I hate waiting. We had hall, stairs and landing painted and it looks amazing. His work was clean and tidy and he was very respectful of our home.
Plum Building Services Ltd is a building company based in London. We work for both landlords and private home owners on new builds, extensions, refurbishments, repair and maintenance. No job is too big or too small. Quality is our guarantee.
Latest homeowner review
Hi, I do high quality Carpantery work. -Fitting doors -kitchen fitting -wooden floor installation as well as sanding and varnashing -Fitting sash windows
Latest homeowner review
Qamil He constructed our loft conversion, which we more than happy with. He paid attention to detail and followed the drawings by the architect precisely.He was always willing to discuss any issues and communicate his next plans for the ongoing work. As he was hardworking and punctual the work was done to programme. Would highly recommend him and all the sub-contractors that he has used. Tracey and Andy Sparks
carpentry LTD, fitted laminat flooring, solid wood flooring, inginering wood floring, carpet.
Latest homeowner review
Wow Awesome: we have never seen anyone work as hard as this. Polite and professional. The company's work and dedication is exemplary. Knowledgeable, accurate and they are always on time, will never let you down. Plus they will not be beaten on price! Hire this company now. Extremely recommended. Why would you hire a separate tradesperson for each job? This company is all rolled up in one! Plumber, tiler, carpenter? This company is multi skilled!
AT V.T.BUILDERS WE ARE A FRIENDLY, RELIABLE AND TRUST WORTHY TEAM. WE COMPLETE ALL OF OUR JOBS TO 100% SATISFACTION. NO JOB IS TO BIG OR SMALL SO PLEASE DONT HESITATE TO CALL. ALL QUOTES ARE FREE.
Latest homeowner review
If I could give more stars I would.Viktor came out to look at job and from just meeting him I knew we would have him to do our work.He is polite and friendly.Not the cheapest but also not the most expensive either.They tiled my hall and kitchen walls.The work him and his team did was amazing.They work very hard and get it done quickly.We are so pleased with his work we are getting him back to do our shower room.I would recommend V t Builders to anyone.Thank you again Viktor.
Choose To Build Ltd are a hard working and friendly team that have 15+ years experience. We specialise in refurbishments and new builds. We have taken on and complete a range of different projects such as loft conversions , rear and side extensions and all internal building works. Choose To Build undertake any jobs big or small.
Latest homeowner review
Adrian the owner was very helpful and understanding the job was perfectly completed The estate agent who looks after the flat for me was very pleased and has added Adrians company to their list for recommendations to other landlords The bathroom looks very modern and has added value to the property I would recommand Adrian for a job well done
LD Design & Build is a trusted construction company specializing in a wide range of services to meet the needs of both residential and commercial clients. With a focus on quality and attention to detail, we offer expert plastering and rendering, painting and decorating, plasterboard installation, as well as handyman and carpentry services. Whether you're renovating a single room or undertaking a large-scale project, our skilled team is committed to delivering superior craftsmanship and exceptional customer service every step of the way. At LD Design & Build, we take pride in transforming spaces and ensuring our clients' vision comes to life with precision and care.
Latest homeowner review
Established since 2001, I have delivered a variety of building projects efficiently, economically and stress free to very high standard. My services include Space Planning, Design & Build, Site Management (ACIOB). Project Management, Renovations and Refurbishment of both domestic and commercial properties. I pride my self on my ability to deliver the required project to the specified quality within the agreed duration & budget with a courteous and friendly approach throughout.
Latest homeowner review
Very good, fast efficient and clean, Definitely recommend, Thank you Khal very happy with my new unit.
C & N Constructions is a well-established company offering construction and landscaping services for both residential and commercial clients. Our faith: We believe in open and honest communication and shared goals which will generate greater continuity in workload and thereby provide sustained improvements in quality, efficiency & delivery. Our mission: To safely deliver any project, any time, in any environment for the benefit of our customers, shareholders, employees and the communities we serve. Company vision: C&N Constructions is committed to building long-term relationships based on integrity, performance, value, and client satisfaction. We will continue to meet the changing needs of our clients with our quality services delivered by the most qualified people. Get in touch and we can start asap! We offer free and no obligation project estimate.
Latest homeowner review
The job was to cut back a severely overgrown patch of garden. Chris & his team, Adrian & Cosmin, gave me a competitive quote, after coming to visit the site to assess what needed to be done. They started next day and completed the job quickly and to my complete satisfaction. The site was cleaned up & all waste taken away. I will definitely use them again and strongly recommend them.
An accomplished business where customer needs comes first. We are a dependable team with 25 years experience. Our aim is to attain positive communication with our customers as well as providing reasonable prices for all our clientele. Our specialties expand to various qualities, and we are profoundly able in achieving and carrying out plastering and rendering, painting, boiler installations, unvented cylinders, gas safe checks, bathroom renovations and all home improvements. Collectively, our main goal is to ensure our customer is content and that our work reaches their full expectations.
Latest homeowner review
An appointment was rearranged for Lewis and his Adrian to come and give me a quote for my driveway. They arrived on time.
we are a proud professional family run business with over 100 years combined experience team members we take on all exterior property work all work comes with our standard company guarantee SAFE CHOICE ROOFING ITS YOUR CHOICE TO CHOOSE THE SAFE WAY
Latest homeowner review
Roof repair done - the roof is still leaking, warranty certificate not produced. Have tried to contact them - emails and phone numbers not responding - whatsapp messages too - no response. Need to reach out to me to resolve this job.
Well established family run building company based in London,we have built a strong relationships with well known building societies across the London due to our quality and trustworthy service High quality levels of work in major building projects,we specialise in planning and design,project management and general building services
Latest homeowner review
5 star
Hi at jays property maintenance we run a family run business that are specialists in flat roofing new roofs Chimley rebuilds lead work and all aspects of property maintenance.with a 5 million public liability insurance.
Latest homeowner review
S&D Construction Services is a premier general construction business with over of 23 years of Experience in the construction industry, we have established ourselves as a leader in delivering comprehensive construction services with a wide range of sectors including residential and commercial projects across London Our mission is to provide exceptional construction services and client-focused approach to every project we undertake
Latest homeowner review
Nicolae was great to work with, very accommodating, quick and unphased by bad weather. Did an excellent job with the blockwork at a good price and a good job with the plastering, which was little bit more expensive, but worth the assurance of having the same person do both jobs. Would recommend for similar, quick turnaround jobs.
With experience from Italy and from U.K in painting and decorating. Wi try to doo our best for the client, to give quality , responasability,advice if its necesary in our jobs. We belive your home should reflect your personal taste and style.
Latest homeowner review
Had bathroom window sill and window repaired, excellent service, highly recommend. Came out and gave us a quote and then came to do the job within a week to high quality, well-priced and very efficient. Thank you!!
Sinevir Construction is your trusted partner in construction with over 15 years of experience. We offer a full range of services, including plumbing, tiling, bricklaying, plastering, carpentry, bathroom installations, and building homes from the ground up. We guarantee high quality, adherence to standards, and timely project completion. Our team of professionals uses the best materials and advanced technologies to ensure durability and reliability. We also provide competitive prices, offering an excellent balance of quality and cost. We value open collaboration and consider all your preferences at every stage of the project. Clients choose us for our professionalism, accuracy, and commitment to quality. With Sinevir Construction, your construction dreams become reality, backed by superior results and the best fair pricing.
Latest homeowner review
Outstanding job. Completely transformed the space. The guys were flexible (with my availability), worked really hard and kept me informed throughout the process. Will definitely get them in again to quote on other work I need to have done.
As a painter and decorator based in London, I’m passionate about transforming spaces with artistry and precision. I have a keen eye for detail and love bringing fresh ideas to life, whether it’s a cozy home, a vibrant office, or a chic commercial space. Using high-quality materials and innovative techniques, I ensure flawless finishes that reflect your personal style. I’m committed to exceptional service and client satisfaction, and I strive to turn your vision into reality, creating beautiful environments that inspire and uplift. Let’s work together to make your next project truly special. All my work is fully guaranteed and covered by public liability insurance. Please do not hesitate to contact me for friendly advice or a quote.
Latest homeowner review
Fast, reliable and professional
Hi we are a family run business that’s been operating for 40+ years we cover all aspects of property maintenance down to internal paint correction on your walls, to complete re roofing of your property. Due to us being a family run business you have none of the normal communication issues you would have from much larger companies. We are always one phone call away to answer any questions you may have
hi my name is Kevin I have been a plasterer now for 49 years I work with my son Lucas who has been plastering for 12 years we have a combined wealth of knowledge in all aspects of plastering with over 60 years in the trade we are polite friendly very clean and most of all we leave a first class job every time
Latest homeowner review
Great job done by Kevin and Lucas. Worked efficiently and have completely transformed our room. Would highly recommend.
With over 15 years of experience in the field, Yellow Home Services offer a range of home improvement solutions including but not exclusive to - building/construction work, plastering/rendering, tiling and painting/decorating. We are happy to take on both large and small jobs respectively offering fair and competitive rates.
Neil Chamberlain Neil has over 30 years of experience in the construction industry, where he has gained a comprehensive level of knowledge and a thorough and in-depth understanding of most trades and skills. Neil commenced his career in construction as a sub-contractor building loft conversions, primarily in West London, and was awarded by The Federation of Master Builders for an exceptional conversion in Wimbledon. Neils recognised high standard of work has secured many diverse construction projects, including the substantial renovation of Period Houses, including listed buildings, single and double storey extensions, detached new build projects, an award winning Chelsea landscaping and garden design, as well as commercial buildings. Neil has worked as part of a team, as a main contractor and has also project managed all elements required in completing building projects large and small successfully. Property Service, (NPS) is a family owned and run business, bringing an extensive level of ability to benefit our clients projects. Whether you require property maintenance or are planning something more substantial our team will assess your requirements and put in place a tailored package for you, from an appropriately detailed quotation on smaller projects, to an all encompassing design and build service, including - planning, building control and a detailed costed schedule of works, we have the experience and background to meet your requirements.
BFIX Ltd is a London-based property maintenance and repair company providing reliable, fast, and high-quality services to homeowners, landlords, managing agents, and facilities managers. We specialise in emergency repairs, plumbing, leak investigations, reinstatement works, general maintenance, minor renovations, and property compliance support. Our team is experienced in both reactive and planned works, always focusing on clear communication, fair pricing, and long-term solutions. With hands-on experience across residential and managed properties, we understand the urgency and standards required in today’s property market. All works are carried out professionally, safely, and in line with UK regulations. We pride ourselves on being responsive, trustworthy, and solution-driven, offering flexible availability and detailed reporting where required. Our goal is simple: to make property maintenance stress-free and deliver results our clients can rely on.
Zenit LTD. With over 20 years experience in decorating,plastering,carpentry and building works and restoration of old and new buildings. Experienced and well trained tradesmen. We provide high-end work that is unique to customer requirements. Professional, responsible, very accurate and organised team. We do high quality, all tips of carpentry and joinery and a lot more. Finishing NVQ 2 ,Carpentry and Joinery ProQual NVQ 2 Diploma, all operatives are fully CSCS Qualified and have carpentry work experience.
Latest homeowner review
Hi everyone , thanks checking my profile I’m Vas , have more than 10 years experience in construction I got level 3 diploma in carpentry, my main job is carpentry, but being in the industry so long I also can do handyman, fencing, ground work and foundation, decking, etc j
Latest homeowner review
Brilliant workmanship , did exactly how we needed the shelves to be made. Highly recommended
Eley Plastering are a trusted, professional business with over 16 years experience. We pride ourselves on our quality workmanship and our attention to detail. We offer exceptionally high standards at very competitive prices. All work is fully guaranteed.
Latest homeowner review
We hired Eley Plastering for some Render work and our home now looks beautiful. Very happy with the outcome. Robert was professional and reliable. We have contracted them for further work throughout the summer to further improve my home. Would recommend to anyone.
Hi there, we specialise in electrical, general building and Groundworks. However, we also provide the below services. We have over 15 years experience in the construction industry and we are also fully insured and licenced. House Building Extensions Electrical installation Furniture building Joining Carpentry Roofing Groundworks General wall filling and painting. Sockets and light fixings. Appliance installation Appliance hanging. Fitting shelves Fitting wall units Landscaping General Gardening Driveways Kitchen fitting Full home redec The above is not exclusive so please do not hesitate to contact us.
Latest homeowner review
Very friendly company and despite setbacks and delays on the job due to weather the job was completed to a good standard. We are happy with the work done and will enjoy the extra space in the garden come summer.
The best in the business
Latest homeowner review
Jack from Quality Property Decor did a really good job! He painted around my front door, and the porch, and also re did the front window-sill. He was pleasant and went above and beyond, and painted the top of my wall and under the window! He was very efficient. The price was very reasonable and I would definitely use him again.
Hi. My name is George and I have built a trustworthy business over the last 15 years based mostly on recommendation. Professional, reliable, clean and tidy Why Choose Me? I guarantee a good price for a high standard of work.Thank you
Latest homeowner review
This was my first time employing a tradesman and using Rated People. George and his team from AG Building did the job.
Create a job - it's free
We'll connect you with the right tradespeople, from over 30 different trades.
Get quotes
Up to 3 tradespeople can provide a quote, but on average you'll get 1-2.
Check ratings
Look at each tradesperson's profile to see their ratings and reviews.
Pick a tradesperson
Use our homeowner checklist for extra tips on choosing a tradesperson.
Job done
Leave a rating for your tradesperson based on quality, reliablity and value.