Post your job for free. Get quotes. Read reviews.
Post your job for free. Read reviews, get quotes, and see tips on hiring the right person.
How does it work?There are 268 Roofers in Bootle, and last month we helped homeowners get quotes for their home improvement jobs.
Take a look at our Roofers profiles, read reviews and request quotes directly.
started business as parternership in 2007, we grown our portfolio from 2 houses to 86 units today, we also helped over 100 homeowners and 25 landlords including housing association, we help from a full consultancy package to build yur dreams to even help with leasing to our corporate contacts if you wish to invest. featured on HOMES UNDER THE HAMMER, we pride our selves in job well done, we always make sure we start projects within 2 to 3 weeks from time we agree and we always deliver our projects on time; we make the impossible a luxury and affordable possible while we take all the stress away; BGH combines technical expertise with exceptional customer service, ensuring every client benefits from cutting-edge technologies tailored to their home needs. with industry leading certifications and proven track record, BGH is a top choice for those seeking efficient, reliable and successful renovations We ate fully accredited Offer full guarantees and insurances including insurance backed guarantee and deposit guarantee We are specialist in new build, extensions, heavy refurbs, hmo and luxury conversions
Latest homeowner review
Established in 2021, Pure Construction Group Limited has rapidly built a reputation as a trusted multi-trade building contractor, serving the commercial, social, and domestic markets across Northwest England. With over 30 years of combined commercial and subcontract experience, our team has driven the steady growth of our business. We pride ourselves on being large enough to handle significant projects but small enough to provide personalised attention and exceptional service to every client. At Pure Construction Group, we offer a comprehensive range of services to meet diverse needs. Our offerings include everything from strip outs and kitchen & bathroom replacements to internal and external redecoration. We also specialise in disabled adaptations, retrofit work, structural repairs, groundworks, extensions & alterations, minor building works, roofing (both pitched and flat), damp proofing, and cleaning. Our broad service scope reflects our commitment to delivering high-quality solutions tailored to each project’s requirements.
We are a family company & pride ourselves in providing a professional, honest , reliable & courteous service. With 40 years experience in the building industry. All aspects of building & joinery work are covered & all work is carried out by qualified tradesmen. We are new to Rated People & are keen to get started so we can build up some great reviews.
Latest homeowner review
We are a family owned company specialising in quality windows, doors fascias soffits and gutters. We deliver an excellent service from start to finish and have many happy customers.
Latest homeowner review
Very pleased with the work undertaken. Finished to a high standard and at a competitive price. Would definitely recommend them
We are a small team of 12 covering all trades. We have been running for 7 years and slowly getting bigger. We are interested in giving free advise and a free quote to any project large or small. Fully Insured and Qualified team for all aspects. building projects Lenny
Latest homeowner review
Bradley Angel Joinery (BSc Hons). NVQ Level 2 Carpenter and Joinery NVQ Level 3 Advanced Carpentry and Joinery Time served joiner with over 14 years construction industry experience. Available for all second fix joinery and general handy man tasks, I take extreme pride in my work ensuring all jobs are completed to a high standard. Please do not hesitate to contact me for a quote or any questions that you may have.
Latest homeowner review
Angel joinery fitted a kitchen and some internal doors for me. Brad and all of his team were very professional and reliable. Brad kept me informed on what was happening, who was coming and when, and everyone turned up when they said they would. I’m really happy with the work and would definitely use them again.
W Jones home improvement all types of roofing work pointing ridge tiles gutters flat roof new roofs tiling also hedges trees expertly felled topped pruned fences supplied and fitted turf supplied &laid full landscaping service a friendly business which have Ben established since 2014 ?
Latest homeowner review
Wallace Roofing Ltd — Reliable, high-quality roofing services you can count on. Specialising in roof repairs, replacements, and new installations. Fully insured, dependable workmanship, and customer satisfaction guaranteed.
Latest homeowner review
I am so pleased with the work that Alfie has done. He started work quickly, was trustworthy and very reasonably priced. I will definitely contact him again if I need further work on my house. Highly recommend.
We cover all aspects of building and demolition services to commercial and domestic clients across the UK. We have a wide range of experience within the industry with time served tradesmen completing working to the highest standards.
Latest homeowner review
We have over 20 years of experience in ground work and landscape gardening and building services and our aim is to put our 20 year experience into your home so you can have a good experience using our service
Latest homeowner review
With over 20 years combined in the building trade and serving the whole of the UK, we are a family run business that offers all types of general building maintenance. We are specialists in all types of conservatory roof replacements, repairs, leaks, cleaning and insulation keeping your conservatory warm in the winter and cool in the summer, saving huge amounts on energy/heating costs. We also offer loft insulation and boarding
Latest homeowner review
LR great company to work with, excellent service from start to finish, Lee and his sons did a excellent job at a competitive price, would have no problem recommending them to anyone.
With over 20 years of experience, our family-run business offers a full range of knowledge and expertise in all aspects of roofing. Our team can supply you with an experienced opinion and advice on any roofing and building queries you may have. Whether that be a strip and relay, flat roofing, fascia, soffit and guttering, chimney repair and rebuild, lead work, roof overhaul, roof repairs or any other building services, we can help. We cover Manchester, Cheshire and surrounding areas, available for emergency call out 24/7. Our success is built on our quality so give us a call for a free quotation.
D&F Safe & Secure Roofing D&F Safe & Secure Roofing is a trusted name in providing top-tier roofing solutions across the UK. We pride ourselves on delivering durable craftsmanship and ensuring complete client satisfaction. Our array of services is designed to cater to all roofing needs with exceptional quality and care. We offer a comprehensive range of services, including: Thorough roofing installations and replacements Specialist roof repairs and maintenance Guttering, fascias, and soffits services Chimney refurbishment and repair Flat roofing solutions tailored to your requirements Firestone Rubber Roofing for supreme durability GRP Fibreglass Roofing, known for its robustness and resistance to the elements Clients are entitled to free estimates and professional advice, guaranteeing that all work is bespoke to their individual needs and budgets. Our work comes with a complete guarantee for your peace of mind, assuring you that your roofing investment is secure. To find out more or to book a service, please get in touch via our Facebook page or through our telephone numbers. Our Manchester-based office is on hand to assist you, and our mobile team is prepared to deliver efficient and swift service at your convenience. D&F Safe & Secure Roofing – Your first choice for comprehensive and dependable roofing services.
Latest homeowner review
Arrived on time, friendly with minimum disruption and noise and removed waste afterwards. Good job delivered as well as some advice for future work.
Hi at jays property maintenance we run a family run business that are specialists in flat roofing new roofs Chimley rebuilds lead work and all aspects of property maintenance.with a 5 million public liability insurance.
Latest homeowner review
Hi here at roofing and property maintenance we specialise in a single slate to a full re roof
Latest homeowner review
Very happy with the work carried out with Mark and Callum will definitely use again highly recommend
Hi my name is Peter I’ve been in the roofing trade for over 25 years I have a lot of vast knowledge in the roofing business there is nothing I don’t know about roofing I do everything from UPVC fascia soffits and guttering flat roofs new roofs and roofing repairs and much more all my work is guaranteed and we offer free quotations and friendly advice thank you
Latest homeowner review
Welcome to home build thank you for visiting my rated people page . We are a family run business specialising in all roofing work including: Re-roofs Flat roofs Slate Tiling Roof moss removed Chimneys Ridge & Hip tiles Lead work and Valleys Upvc fascia, soffits and guttering - cleaned, repaired and renewed. EPDM Rubber roofs. We give free estimates and all work is guaranteed so don’t hesitate and give us a call
Latest homeowner review
Fantastic service. Arranged a time and attended promptly. Completed the work within agreed timeframe. Would recommend and definitely use again
We carry out all aspects of roofing. From small roof repairs to whole roof replacements. Be it slate, tiled or stone roofing. We also do fascia and soffit replacements. We do dormer conversions, loft conversions and chimney repairs or re-builds. Lead work, flat roofs or garage roofs. All of our work and materials are guaranteed. As a trusted and reliable local firm most of our new business comes from customer recommendations. We do domestic and commercial roofing of any size. We also now do solar pv installation and external wall insulation (EWI) and have several domestic contracts with some of the UK’s largest energy providers. We strive to repair your roof in all instances and will only recommend a replacement where absolutely necessary. We pride ourselves on providing all customers with the most cost-effective solution. If that isn’t possible then the next best alternative will be advised. We also carry out all small or major house renovation projects, fire damage, flood damage and from start to finish projects. Call our team today to book a free survey - or for free help and advice contact our experienced staff.
Latest homeowner review
Here at Stratton Home Improvements LTD we offer a wide range of services for all your property needs we offer help and the best of advice for all our customers satisfaction We are to both residential and commercial work and are proud of being a roofing and home improvements company you can put your trust into, with excellent reviews and quality service. No matter the size of your job both roofing and driveways we can help, from the smallest job to the largest commercial project, we can ensure our team will provide the best possible work on every single job don’t hesitate to get in contact for free qoute today
Latest homeowner review
Didn’t really deliver what was promised
All guttering fashions soffits down pipes new upvc dry verge dry ridge systems supplied and fitted new roofs also available
Latest homeowner review
I wanted a Church Font removing from my garden and this company performed the task with ease. Both of them disposed of the font and cleared the area with no trouble at all. Cannot praise their work ethic enough, polite, pleasant and courteous. Although the font was large they managed to break it up and take away all the remains. Would heartily recommend and they seem to cater for all jobs concerning the garden. Well done lads and thank you.
With over 15 years of industry experience, Local Eco Roofing Services is a trusted name in roofing across the North West and Yorkshire. We proudly operate from depots in Burnley, Accrington, Manchester, Preston, and Wetherby—ensuring quick, reliable service wherever you are in the region. From new installations and urgent repairs to full roof replacements, we provide high-quality roofing solutions for both residential and commercial properties. Our skilled team is known for attention to detail, honest workmanship, and a commitment to getting the job done right the first time. Most of our work comes backed by long-term guarantees, offering you peace of mind and confidence in the strength and durability of your roof. Choose Local Eco Roofing Services to protect your property—with craftsmanship that lasts, one tile at a time.
Latest homeowner review
I couldn't have asked for a better company to do the work. Francis and his team were amazing from start to finish. Totally honest, talking through every step and going above and beyond. I couldn't recommend highly enough.
We are a Family run Business specialists at UPVC fascia board and windows and door fitting.50 years free foam guarantee been doing facias guttering downpipe soffits and all types of roof works for 10 years we only do full replacement because its the only proper way!! Read less
Latest homeowner review
Jason and his team at JW Roofline have done a great job removing and replacing all of our fascia, soffit guttering and drainpipes over the past 2 days. I considered a few companies and chose this company based on them offering complete replacement and photos of previous work on their website and on mybuilder also. They removed all the old wood rather than just covering it up, so it was a professional job. Highly recommend this business as they specialise in roofline replacement.
All estimates carry a £80 callout fee standard
Latest homeowner review
Excellent work carried out on a leaky porch roof. Though having to dodge the worst of February rain, the job was completed rapidly and with care. I was sent photos as the work progressed, which I thought a nice touch. Friendly and professional service.
The Cubiq Construction team brings over 25 years of industry experience. Our SMSTS-qualified managers are skilled in delivering high-quality projects, ensuring client satisfaction and peace of mind. We are able to take on every aspect of all kinds of works, from surveying to design to structural calculations through each construction phase. What we offer is beautiful projects at attractive prices with a high standard of finish. The way we deliver is what makes us to stand out from other companies and and makes us a leader in the field. We are unique in the structure of our business, which has been formed to maximize quality, speed and efficiency for our clients and teams. We are committed to delivering on these aspects and our company’s vision. Highly professional services. Using the latest mechanical equipment. British standards high quality materials We provide the most reasonable prices. Following the global design. Undertake to meet the deadline.
Latest homeowner review
We are a local friendly roofing business with 10 years experience all through our team we strive for quality work all the time and having our customers happy with our work We also aim to be the fastest response team in the areas to see if we can solve your issue small or large problems as we understand how stressful having a leak or building issue can be to a homeowner we strive to help however we can
Latest homeowner review
Kyle Cummings came to repair our flat roof. What we thought was a successful repair, which we paid £500 for 1-1½hours work, 6 weeks with little rain, first heavy rain, bedroom ceiling still leaking. Kyle came on 7th June, he said it was new leak from chimney, flashing causing rain to run down a joist, £400 paid. No cat ladder used, his mate fell down the roof onto the flat roof, damaging it on the way down, leak 10 times worse. They knew they had damaged it. Making lots of excuses not to return. Don't trust
We have a reliable,honest and highly skilled team of Roofers, which enables us to offer you one of the most professional and cost effective services throughout the local area. We offer the complete roofing service; from major re-roofing projects to minor domestic roof repairs that are not only competitively priced but also providing you with peace of mind. All our roofing work is Gaurnteed,based on a written estimate prior to work commencing
Latest homeowner review
Weatherseal roofing didn’t actually do my job in the end however, David came to look and quote for the job, was attentive and very straightforward to deal with. Thank you for your time and all the best in the future.
Manchester and Cheshire trusted? roof repair and replacement experts? why choose Roof Care Cheshire? + outstanding customer reviews + free no obligation quotes +? Fully insured +? Work guaranteed +? Competitive pricing +? skilled in house team +? Advanced drone surveys + respect for your property ? Whatever your needs ,Roof Care Cheshire has you covered? Contact us today to schedule your free consultation and discover why we are Cheshire’s preferred roofing specialist with over 30 years experience in roofing ?
Latest homeowner review
Hi I'm Tony the owner of Hawarden doors With over 30 yrs experience in the replacement window and door industry providing services to large National and small independent Companies you can rest assure i have the experience and knowledge to complete any job associated with these around your property
Latest homeowner review
It was an absolute pleasure to deal with Tony. He was polite and friendly, professional, and kept me updated throughout. He carried out the work to an exceptionally high standard and I won’t hesitate to use him in the future. Thanks!
Up+Above Roofing is a reputable company that specialises in roofing and leadwork. We have gained an enviable reputation for our high-quality workmanship and professionalism.
Latest homeowner review
Did work which was described. Thought extra was a bit expensive so didn’t go ahead. Came down in price as soon as I said it was too expensive. Stated the tiles were and felt were loose. I saw from the picture it was just the end cap that had moved and was no problem. Stated he would have needed to reset it and if not it would leak. I had a new roof done within the past 5 years.
Welcome to trust style roofing We are highly skilled at roofing and property maintenance since 2003 we are a family run business and we do our work Best to our knowledge very skilled at facias soffits guttering pointing new roofs flat roofs all kinds of roof repairs all our work comes with a guarantee
Latest homeowner review
As we are a family run business, you get that one to one what everyone needs we are third generation roofer so have plenty experience. We try to keep it as simple as possible in every job we do so give us a call and get your free quote. Many thanks for looking.
Latest homeowner review
Can't fault Roy and his guys. Did exactly what I wanted and a litte bit more to my roof slates. Great price a well. Thanks Roy. Will recommend you to anyone, who needs roof repairs.
Family run business take great pride in all work carried out always 100% satisfied customers take videos and pictures of each job we carry out to reassure the customer that everything is getting done to a high standard ??
Latest homeowner review
I have been a roofing contractor since 1980. Worked for a local company for 28 yrs before setting up my own company in 2008. Now employ 6 people covering all aspects of roofing. Carrying work out for 6 local estate agents. Cover all the northwest carrying out all roof repairs for pound bakery so small jobs to full reroofs is our thing
Latest homeowner review
Protect your most valuable asset and the contents inside; hire Gopro Roofing to provide you with first class roofing services for very affordable and competitive prices. At Gopro roofing we specialise in providing high quality roofing installations for residential, commercial and industrial clients throughout London and the Home Counties. Drawing on over 30 years of industry experience, we offer the complete roofing service, providing everything from flat roofing and single ply systems to green roofs, waterproofing systems and chimney refurbishment. We specialise in all aspects of roofing services, including: * Single ply systems * Pluvitec * Lead work * Topseal systems * Europolymers * Waterproofing * Velux windows * Flat roofs * Guttering * Cladding, fascias and soffits * Rooflights * Insulation * Carpentry * Pointing * Maintenance. * New roofs * Emergency repairs We have a reliable, honest and highly skilled team of roofers, which enables us to offer you one of the most professional and cost effective services, not only in London but throughout the South East. We offer the complete roofing service; from major re-roofing projects to minor domestic roof repairs that are not only competitively priced but also providing you with peace of mind.
Latest homeowner review
We are a family run company based just outside of Chester and have worked in Chester,Wirral and North Wales for over 30 years.We undertake all aspects of building work.We specialise in new build garages and extensions.We fit replacement rubber roofing at very competitive costs.Replacement fascias guttering,cladding etc. We have been general builders for more than 25 years. . We undertake structural steelwork,renovations and ,we have completed many house refurbishments for local developers in recent years,mostly in the Chester area We have built new build houses. Fit new fascia and gutter systems.We offer plastering services,We always promise to be competitive on price whilst providing a top class service.We are always fair in our price and customer satisfaction is paramount. .
Latest homeowner review
Colin and his team did a great job - wall repaired good as new. Very professional and good follow-up communication and competitive pricing. Would recommend highly.
At Wirral Roofing & Repoint, we’re not a big company with flashy vans or TV adverts — we’re a small, hardworking local business that’s built on grit, honesty, and the pride we take in our craft. Like many small tradesmen, we’ve faced more than our fair share of setbacks: unfair, undercutting by cowboys, and the tough reality of trying to grow a business while staying true to quality over quick profit. We don’t have a huge budget for marketing — what we do have is skill, experience, and the kind of workmanship that speaks for itself. All we ask for is the chance to prove it. Every roof we repair and every wall we repoint is done with care as if it were our own home. We believe in earning trust the old-fashioned way: through hard work and a job well done. If you’re tired of being let down and want someone who actually cares, give us a call. Let us show you what proper workmanship looks like — we just want a fair shot to earn your respect and your recommendation
Latest homeowner review
Did a good job cleaning moss from roof
Hi customers welcome two SLC builders a reliable family run bussnies u can trust we specialise in aspects of roofing&building &landscapes feel free ro get in touch for a free qoet&advise
Latest homeowner review
Friendly and honest lads. Martin came looked at the roofing job told me what was needed and how much. A few days later they came and did the job found a few more faults but put these right as well at no extra cost. Great work, friendly and cleaned up after themselves. Will be using them again.
Hi this is Tyrone I am the founder of apex tp roofing Ltd I am 23 years old and recently decided to open my own company I have worked in the roofing industry for 6 years now I started roofing when I just left college were I also learned the trade there is much I don’t know there is 3 of us that work for this company witch I have a Stephen that’s been doing it for 25 years and another Freind Michael that’s been doing it for 15 years too I opened the company in March 2024 and haven’t looked back I have recently joined rated people and would look to help out on some of you guy’s property so don’t hesitate to get in touch u won’t be disappointed thanks Tyrone from APEX TP ROOFING LTD any questions just ask thanks again
Latest homeowner review
MH Landscapes cover all aspects of landscape and design no matter how big or small, we do it all , Artificial Turf, Real Turf, Block Paving, Driveways, flagging, decking,Fencing,brick work, Natural stone cladding , all quotes are free. We are wirral based and cover 60 mile radius. We can supply our customers with a plan hand drawn to scale once booked in for works.
Latest homeowner review
Ian at MH Landscapes offered a very competitive quote for a garden landscaping job. Not the cheapest quote I received, but felt he understood best the work required & would finish the job to the highest standard. 100% the right decision. The paving itself looks superb, the cleanup and general level of care was good and the attention to detail fantastic. The whole job only took 2 days. Completely hassle free- highly recommended A*****
Established over 30 years dealing in all aspects of drainage , Septic Tanks and Sewage Treatment plants -CCTV SURVEYS- Blocked Drains-Drain Repairs-Channelling-Gullys - New manholes- Soakaways- Trenching-Acor drainage- Flood remedies- New connections
Latest homeowner review
Paul and Son were professional, efficient and fast. They got the work done quickly and to a good standard. They also provided receipts and transfer notes for the work. Definitely recommend them.
Hi my names Mat, I have over 15 years experience in plumbing, heating and gas I am a fully qualified gas engineer, I have level two and three is gas engineering. My main area of work is boiler / heating installations, boiler breakdowns and also all plumbing/bathroom work.
Latest homeowner review
Matt came, gave me a quote which was reasonable did a lovely job of fitting my new bathroom. Kept in touch regularly through text. Would definitely recommend Matt he’s professional and tidy
Hankin roofing is a small family run business.all work is carried out to a very high standard by myself.I have over 25 years in the roofing trade.being a small business I don't have big overheads so my prices are very competitive.
Latest homeowner review
Kevin and his son were a pleasure to deal with from start to finish providing a very professional service with a fair quote. We were kept informed every step of the way about what the fitting of our skylight entailed. Kevin took photographs of our roof to explain the job before discussing each step. Very clean despite such a messy job. Punctual, arriving early and leaving late. He was always cheerful and extremely hard working in ridiculous temperatures. I could not recommend this company highly enough.
We are a family-owned specialist craftsmen firm with many years experience looking after homes and properties; Design, Build, Improving, Renovating and Maintaining.
Latest homeowner review
I highly recommend this company. Russ was very flexible and easy to work with, provided very high quality work at a rapid pace with the final invoice being exactly what we were quoted whilst working to a tight budget. Highly recommend for anyone wanting quality work done with ease.
JJN Specialist Roofing Ltd is registered with FAIRTRADES & GUILD of MASTERCRAFTSMEN we pride ourselves on our commitment to provide a professional, reliable & speedy service at all times & maintaining the highest level of workmanship. CSCS Carded Staff.
Latest homeowner review
Great communication, turned up on time and did a great job. Jimmy respected our social distancing and was very courteous and professional.
M&A Property Specialists LTD is a family run business covering all aspects of Joinery and Building works. We thrive on the quality and finish of the projects we undertake. We have our own architects and structural engineers who provide all the required details for extensions, conversions and new builds. APL also organise all site visits with building inspectors to give customers peace of mind and a hassle free service. At M&A we use our own 3D CAD system in order to design any new kitchens we are to supply and install, we can include these in to Architecht plans to give you a visual of the room once completed. All our kitchens are high standard and all our doors we use are FIRA gold approved, we mainly use painted doors but if you want a more of a budget door we can use the vinyl wrap doors. About myself: I have been in the Joinery and building industry for 20 years with a huge vast experience in all trades and I know what to expect from various tradesmen from a finishing point. All electrical work and gas work is all completed by approved and qualified tradesmen. My main trade is joinery but in the 20 years of being in the building game I have gained the experience in each aspect in the building game which has its advantages when project managing a job whilst being on site working. M&A look forward to providing competitive quotations for our customers and working with yourselves as we have just came back to rated people. Payments to M&A can be made via Bank transfer, Cash or Credit/Debit card
Latest homeowner review
Anthony was brilliant, fitted a new kitchen in my Daughters home, absolutely delighted with the service and the quality. would highly recommend APL .. Dave
I am a qualifed Joiner and have 30+ years experience of doing fascias gutters,etc ... I worked for Everest doing roofline for 12 years. All my ratings are 5 * and I provide a professional friendly service.
Latest homeowner review
Mark and his brother in law offered the best product at a fair price and nothing was too much trouble, going above and beyond replacing broken tiles without asking. Super work at fair prices! Highly recommend mark!
A time served plumber with 20 yrs experince in the trade. Excellent workmanship guaranteed and peace of mind with full insurance. 24hr callout - 7 days a week. All aspects of plumbing from: bathroom refurb, maintenance, installation and all small jobs.
Latest homeowner review
Couldn’t be happier. Came out when another plumber couldn’t do the job. No problems at all in completing the job and wasn’t phased at all. Excellent communication throughout. Turned up on time and was very clean and tidy. Highly recommended and will be using again.
Stretford roofing have been established over 18 years & cover all roofing work from leaks to re-roofs & roof conversions, we work in partnership with stretford scaffolding & joinery . We cover all areas . No job to small 100% customer satisfaction
Latest homeowner review
Made contact really quickly, price was as quoted , very pleased with the service .
Our award-winning claims management service aims to help policyholders throughout the UK make successful buildings insurance claims caused by storms, burst pipes, accidental damage, fire, floods or other events which lead to the property owners needing to make an insurance claim. We project manage and carry out the required repairs using our fully vetted contractors. Aspray always strive to reinstate the property to its pre-incident condition as swiftly as possible. Aspray Ltd are authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority for claims handling only.
Latest homeowner review
Create a job - it's free
We'll connect you with the right tradespeople, from over 30 different trades.
Get quotes
Up to 3 tradespeople can provide a quote, but on average you'll get 1-2.
Check ratings
Look at each tradesperson's profile to see their ratings and reviews.
Pick a tradesperson
Use our homeowner checklist for extra tips on choosing a tradesperson.
Job done
Leave a rating for your tradesperson based on quality, reliablity and value.