Post your job for free. Get quotes. Read reviews.
Post your job for free. Read reviews, get quotes, and see tips on hiring the right person.
How does it work?There are 400 Flat Roof - Installation / Repair specialists in Wellingborough, and last month we helped homeowners get quotes for their home improvement jobs.
Take a look at our Flat Roof - Installation / Repair specialists profiles, read reviews and request quotes directly.
Horizon Roofing UK is a family run company with over 20 years experience! All roofing, fascia, cladding and guttering work will be undertaken and completed by a team of professionals with qualifications in the trade.
Latest homeowner review
They came on a wet day to fit my sheds tin roof. Freindly people and did a good job. Left me some minor rubbish to tidy up but didn't warrant downgrading
All aspect roofing is a family-run business based in Tonbridge . In addition to roofing services, we provide an array of installations and maintenance for domestic and commercial properties With more than 15 years of experience, we use our vast knowledge and experience in the industry to help you avoid rogue traders and complete all work to the highest possible standards. Get in touch today to speak with our experienced team.
Latest homeowner review
Excellent from start to finish. Would highly recommend them. All rubbish removed.
Hi, I’m Jay from Northampton, I have 11 years worth of experience in the industry of roofing. I can do all aspects of flat roofing as well as pitched roofing,lead work, and also facia and guttering. All work I complete is to a very high standard with a 25 year guarantee. I am willing to provide you with knowledge and skill that you require at your convenience. I have an eye for detail to ensure you a great end result.
Latest homeowner review
Jay came out next day and gave me two quotes, one for repairs and one to replace the felt roof in two layers and new flashing. Very good workmanship and polite. Job very neat and for the quoted price, I went for replacement. I would highly recommend JDA Roofing.
At Absolute Roofing 24HR, we specialize in providing top-tier roofing solutions for both residential and commercial properties. With years of industry experience, we are dedicated to delivering expert services with a focus on quality, reliability, and customer satisfaction. Our comprehensive range of services includes: • Roofing Repairs & Full Roof Installations: From minor repairs to full roof replacements, we offer expert solutions for all roof types, including pitched, flat, and more. • Flat Roofs: Installation, repair, and maintenance of flat roofs, ensuring they are durable, weather-resistant, and long-lasting. • Leak Detection & Repairs: Prompt and professional leak detection and repairs to prevent further damage to your property. • Guttering, Fascia, and Soffits: Installation, cleaning, and repairs of gutters, fascia, and soffits to ensure proper water drainage and protect your property from water damage. • Spray Foam & Loft Insulation: Enhance energy efficiency and comfort with our spray foam and loft insulation services, reducing energy costs and improving home warmth. • Repointing (Ridge, Chimney, Valley, Gable): We provide expert repointing for key structural areas such as ridges, chimneys, valleys, and gables to maintain the integrity and longevity of your roof. • Moss Removal & Treatment (MOT): Safe and effective moss removal and treatment to prevent damage caused by moss buildup and maintain the aesthetic of your roof. At Absolute Roofing 24HR, we are committed to providing exceptional service tailored to meet the specific needs of each client. Whether you require urgent repairs or a full roof replacement, we ensure high-quality workmanship and attention to detail every time. Contact Absolute Roofing 24HR today to schedule your free consultation and see why we are the preferred roofing experts for homeowners and businesses alike.
Latest homeowner review
John came to the property promptly. He was polite and explained the job properly and didn't over charge like some roofers . He was an honest young man and I was very pleased with his workmanship. I will definitely use him again
Scott’s Contractors are a professionally run roofing & building business. We pride ourselves in offering a high quality roofing & building services and affordable prices with an honest approach. We can also undertake all types of driveway & landscape services..
Latest homeowner review
We called Scott’s Contractors as we had found a leak in our roof. Patrick arrived and after giving our roof a thorough assessment, he informed us that the job was bigger than we had realised and the roof was in desperate need of repair. Patrick kept us informed of every step in the process and we can’t recommend him and his “A team” highly enough. All of the team were polite and so hard working that they managed to complete the work in a day. The finished results look great and we are now fully waterproof!
Southern Valley Homes Ltd are a family run building and contracting company for all your housing renovation needs. We have been building & developing properties since 2008 & have now expanded to help consumers achieve high quality renovations for their home. Due to our tenure and connections within the industry, we offer competitive pricing without compromising on quality. We will always strive to work to the highest of standards whilst remaining friendly and professional. Covering Hampshire, Berkshire & surrounding areas. We're happy to provide a no obligation quote so please drop us a message regarding enquiries
Latest homeowner review
Thank you so much to Jamie and his team. Not only did they replace the roofing felt on the shed roof but they also extended the garden path and repaired some uneven paving and redid the grouting . They were all very polite and so helpful.
Banks Roofing Solutions specialises in new natural slate and tiled roofs; new rubber, fibreglass and felt roofs; Velux windows; new facia, soffits and gutters; repairs; inspections and reports, and assessments and consultation after house survey reports. Covering the London area, Banks has been in the building trade for over 22 years, specialising in roofing over 14 years ago. Quality and efficiency are what Banks and his team pride themselves on, ensuring every customer has an excellent experience - whatever the issue that needs addressing. Upselling services you do not need is not our way, we will always provide an honest assessment of the situation and put your needs (and the needs of your building) first. That’s why we’re rated 5-stars on ratedpeople.com. Commissioning any kind of work on your home can be daunting and it’s not always easy to know exactly what you need. Banks Roofing Solutions work with you to carry out an initial assessment to understand the exact nature of what’s needed and then discuss the options with you to find the best solution. All work is completed to timescales that fit around you and we always leave the site tidy so you don’t have to worry about disposing of building materials. We cover: * New natural slate and tiled roofs * New Rubberbond fleece back EPDM roofing systems * Fibreglass roofs * 3 Layer built up torch on felt roofs * Chimney restorations * Lead work * Velux windows * Bespoke flat rooflights * New facia, soffits and gutters * Roof repairs * Roof inspections and reports *Roof assessments and consultation after house survey reports Banks Roofing Solutions always carry out high quality, efficient work on your roofs. Take a look at our services or get in touch for more information.
Latest homeowner review
Been waiting 3 months for them to fix the leaky guttering and flat roof that they fiitted.They promised to come every week but haven't. They don't let you know thier not coming and each time you contact them they have another excuse
Revive Roofing is a reliable and professional roofing company that specializes in bringing life back to your roof. With years of experience in the industry, we have the expertise to handle all types of roofing needs, including repairs, replacements, and installations. At Revive Roofing, we understand the importance of having a well-maintained roof, which is why we strive to deliver exceptional service that exceeds our clients' expectations. Our slogan, "Bringing life back to your roof," is a testament to our commitment to providing high-quality roofing solutions that breathe new life into your home. We offer competitive pricing, timely service, and a dedication to excellence that sets us apart from the competition. Trust Revive Roofing to bring life back to your roof and protect your home for years to come.
Latest homeowner review
Kofi is prompt and responsive. Matters beyond his control - weather - delayed him from completing the job as anticipated (and to his level of satisfaction) and returned and willingly finished the job to his (and our) expectation. Caring, considerate and accommodating ... 3 words not often associated with tradesmen. Fab.
Hi here at emerald roofing and property maintenance we strive to keep all customers happy with all work carried out to a high standard with our dedicated team we can work with and your budget for works carried out we are fully insured and you can also find us on google guaranteed
Latest homeowner review
Patrick and his helper came on time and fixed my leaking felt roof very quickly even doing extra work he spotted for free I will use Emerald again
We offer all aspects of roofing, flat roofs, re roofs, facias, soffits, gutters, chimney work, felt work, roof cleaning and fiber glass roofs. We have been in the roofing trade for over 10 years and like to work off recommendations and leave customers happy and satisfied.
Latest homeowner review
Ben was great to work with, took photos and explained the exact problem on the roof. He then fixed it without issue, and took further photos to show the completion. Thanks for your help!
Welcome to the home page of Glen Williamson Roofing. A family run roofing company with 20 years’ experience in the industrial & residential roofing industry. We are extremely proud of our family run business and have given nothing less than a 100% to everything we take on. We offer our expertise to you. We understand your needs and personal requirements are individual to each client. We are here to listen and help you every step of the way. New roof systems are a big investment. At Glen Williamson Roofing we want to help you get that quality roof system at a fair price from the most professional industrial & residential roofing contractor, Glen Williamson Roofing. The right new roof system for your home, your business, your office, factory premises or where ever it may be is very important and that is where our expertise comes in. Glen Williamson Roofing have over 20 years’ experience in the industrial and residential roofing industry and unbeatable prices across the UK. We are family run, which makes it more personal and cater to individual requirements and needs. Our fully trained staff are CSCS working at heights qualified, health and safety trained, putting customers minds at ease that we have the whole job covered and under control, providing safe working equipment at all times. We are proud of our health and safety record and equipment. All our equipment is regularly tested and inspected. We take working at heights very seriously and have all the adequate insurances in place, leaving our customers stress free. Here at Glen Williamson Roofing, we take on a wide range of roofing jobs. Repairs to new roofs. Small enough to care, big enough to cope. Our friendly team here at Glen Williamson Roofing work to our customers requirement and budgets we do our very best to cater for individual needs and circumstances. Working on time and on schedule. Customer satisfaction is what we strive for and our reputation matters to us. All our work is done to our best ability and maximum effort. We are a trust worthy, reputable company. We have many affiliates, such as IPAF, CSCS, CIBT and many more. A job is never complete until we are fully satisfied with it. Our standard of work to us is of utmost importance. We never leave a job under no circumstances of poor quality. We pride our workmanship and every job is thoroughly inspected to unsure quality workmanship each time. We can also offer product and workmanship guarantee
Latest homeowner review
Can’t recommend Glen enough super job super quick and all round lovely guys thanks so so much :)
Rankins Roofing & Building are a family established business with over 30 years in the building/roofing industry. We pride ourself on customer satisfaction. All of our engineers are competent and qualified technicians. We offer free no obligations quotes, all works come with guarantees & we are fully insured.
Latest homeowner review
Seems to have cemented the gable eve alright.
Flat Roofing Specialists! Expexts in the design, Supply and installation of Single-Ply Membranes for flat, Pitched or inverted roofs! Fully licensed and insured. All works come with a standard 10 year guarantee.
Latest homeowner review
Did a really great job and I would highly recommend
We are a small business based in Bedford, We specialise in all roofing and building work. We have been trading as a company for 9 years now, We are very reliable, competitive and take pride in what we do. All of our work is fully guaranteed.
Latest homeowner review
I thought Jonathon did really good job. The whole process of quote to completion was really good as well. He said exactly what he was doing and when. I am also impressed with the quality of work. I would recommend him for any job. His attitude was excellent with no fuss.
general builder but specialist in carpentry and roofing also close to scaffolders plasterers electricians and plumbers so can do the whole package
Latest homeowner review
Excellent job done. Helpful and friendly. Would recommend.
As 10 years experienced with my team of great builders to provide my clients with the Design and Build service: * Extension Builder * Loft Conversion Specialist * New Home Builder * Conversion Specialist * Restoration & Refurb Specialist * Paint & Decoraters * Plumbing & Heating * Kitchen Fitter * Bathroom Fitter * Flooring Fitter * Tiler * Electrician * Insulation Installer * Bricklayer * Groundworker * Architectural Designer * Plaster * Roofer * Garden, Landscaping & Fencing
Latest homeowner review
Very happy with the gardening work. Also various other work around the house that he undertook for me. Very accommodating. I will be using this company again
Costa Boyer Ltd provides specialist for complete building solutions: house extension/ loft conversion/ replacement windows/ doors/ shops front/ home improvements/ kitchen/ tanking slurry solutions/ garage conversion/ porch/ canopy/conservatory / garden shed/ wooden decking/ parquet/ painted house/ Venetian stucco/ water leak/ 30 years experience building site/ all team have CSCS card/ NVQ Level 2/ NVQ Level 3 supervision/ GQA Qualification Ltd Certificate of achievement in theory of SCHUCO/ GQA Qualification Ltd Certificate of achievement in SCHUCO Curtain Wall/ GQA Level 3 Certificate in glass related operation/ GQA Level 3 NVQ Diploma in Fenestration Installation/ IOSH Working safely a course approved and validated by the Institution of Occupational Safety and Health/ Gold card Constructions Qualifications CSCS / Quality Management & Control accreditation by Mace Business School Limited/ Level 6 NVQ/ SMSTS and new one... Covid-19 Essential: Infection Prevention and PPE
Latest homeowner review
Costa was excellent. Very friendly, efficient and carried out the work to to a high standard in the agreed timeframe and at the agreed price, despite some unexpected problems along the way. Would happily recommend him.
Friendly local family run business with over 20 years experience, specialising in exterior in home improvements to the highest standards. Including .... Roofing and Roof Repairs, Paving/Patios, Decking, Landscaping, Walls, and Fencing,
Latest homeowner review
I have been in the roofing business all my life my father and grandfather started the roofing 60years ago i work with my son we do all the work ourselves we are very freindly and reliable we do all types of roofing no job is to big or to small we specialise in finding and fixing leaks we offer long maintanance free guarantees all are qoutes are fixed price qoutes wiht no extra charges i promise you if you contact me i wont let you down
Latest homeowner review
Great job, friendly and very professional company. Highly recommended
Latest homeowner review
Can't fault David's work and attitude. He's top chap and was great value. We're very pleased with the finished job.
We are a family run company with 25 years experience in all roofing and repair work. All work is guaranteed, specialists in flat roofs, tiling,slateing, lead work, guttering, p.v.c, and all repairs.
Latest homeowner review
Good competitive quote. Prompt, efficient and good job done. No problem recommending work. Stuart MK10
ROOF TOP CONVERSIONS THE COMPLETE BUILDING COMPANY. WELLCOME TO RTC WE HAVE BEEN CARRYING OUT BUILDING WORKS FOR OVER 25 YEARS. HEAR ARE SOME OF ARE WORKS . LOFT CONVERSIONS+ HOME EXSTENSIONS+ GARAGE CONVERSIONS +
Latest homeowner review
Roger and his crew achieved a complete fire door and frame (with fitments) replacement in a single day. They left my flat clean and tidy and were away by 3.15pm. Great work
All sorts of building work and carpentry taken out and much more.
Latest homeowner review
Excellent from start to finish. High quality and very professional/knowledgeable . Very happy with the work carried out.
EST 1992 Family Run Business (3rd Generation) WeatherArmour Ltd is a reputable roofing company with over 30 years of experience. Our expertise in roofing systems and techniques allows us to handle a wide range of projects, including installations, repairs, and maintenance. We take pride in delivering high-quality workmanship, ensuring that our customers receive durable and long-lasting roofing solutions. Customer satisfaction is our priority, and we strive to understand their specific needs and provide personalized solutions. With a track record of reliability, we consistently complete projects on time and within budget. We stay updated with industry standards and advancements in roofing technology to offer innovative and efficient solutions. Throughout the years we have accumulated over 250 5 Star Reviews. We are approved roofers for Epsom & Ewell council , Elmbridge council and Spelthorne council. Choose WeatherArmour Ltd for our experience, commitment to quality, customer satisfaction, reliability, and adherence to industry standards. We are confident in meeting and exceeding our customers' expectations for all their roofing needs.
Latest homeowner review
Professional service, fixed issue, checked other issues and found some problems but gave a realistic assessment of how important it was and how long we could wait before getting it fixed. Would use again.
Hi I’m Sean from SLS Home improvements I run a my own business for me and my family I love doing gardaning and projects I like to see the end job when it’s completed. I’m friendly and reliable and like to keep all my customers happy. Loads of work undertaken • Painting and decorating • Putting tv on the wall • Hanging shelves • Building flat pack furniture • Patio • Decking • Concrete bases • Tufting • Building sheds • Grass cutting • Hedge cutting • Guttering cleaning • Fence painting • Building flower beds • Patio cleaning • Tree cutting or trimming
Latest homeowner review
Absolutely brilliant start to finish. So pleased with our finished garden. Highly recommend.
We are a family run business established since 1982 and we would like to offer our building services locally. We specialize in extensions / Home repairs / Alterations / Structural works/ Plumbing-Heating & Gas Works . TRADING STANDARDS APPROVED.
Latest homeowner review
Kevin and Barry go to great lengths to ensure they do a good job. Both speedy and efficient. Would highly recommend!
Our mission is to provide professional services and we are dedicated to the customer's satisfaction.
Latest homeowner review
Couldn’t recommend enough. Very hardworking and did a great job painting our living room and laying wood flooring. Everything finished to a high standard. Will definitely be using again!
SJL services prides there self in 100% satisfaction and value for money. Starting 5 years ago we have built a very good reputation with every customer Left happy. we work along side pearl health care group on all the care homes and deal with all there maintenance and decorating along with there projects and improvements, Out in the public we range from small or large garden and drive way renovating and inside from a simple door hung to a full make over. We are a small team of friendly hard working and very skilled workers with only good materials used and the customers our top priority. Sjl maintenance ltd does painting, stud wall, office builds corridors , doors and frames etc Sjl garden property services provides all your landscaping needs from fencing to decking to patios to trees
Latest homeowner review
Great job would highly recommend. Not a straightforward job but result looks great. Will definitely be using again
We are a family run business that offer all aspects of block paving and landscaping services including driveways, paths and modular paving to natural Indian sandstone patios. Also pressure cleaning services. All types of fencing supplied and installed, turfing supplied and laid. All types is landscaping work. We can offer inspiring ideas and individual designs to suit all types of buildings from traditional to modern, domestic and commercial. City & Guilds qualified.
Latest homeowner review
Friendly service with a great can-do attitude. I will be contacting again and hope they're available.
A friendly Reliable family business established since 2003 would like to work Off Recommendations we take pride in our work like to Please every individual customer? with our standards of work ?
Latest homeowner review
Great job done by all. Everyone was very friendly and polite and kept me well informed throughout the job which was done quickly and efficiently. Would highly recommend and will definitely use in the future.
Introducing Blvd services,Drainage & home improvement , "Transform your house into your dream home with our comprehensive range of home improvement services. From landscaping and building to drainage, plumbing, painting, roofing, and more, we've got you covered. We also specialize in guttering, facias, soffits, windows, and doors, ensuring every detail of your home is perfect. Contact us today to get started!"we also do all sorts of emergency callouts whether it’s burst pipes blocked drains or leaky roofs we supply everything you’ll need in emergencies including lighting
Latest homeowner review
Turned out to be a much bigger job than anticipated but Ben and his team rose to the challenge they completed it in good time and during the 2 hottest days of the year. Left everything clean and tidy.
We are a family run buisness speacilised in roofing and property needs
Latest homeowner review
Excellent work on cleaning 2/3 of my roof in 2022. However, he was unable to clean the last 1/3 because of the importance of another job - and my job had taken longer than estimated. We agreed that he would complete the last 1/3 no later than May 31st 2023. In spite of at least 4 attempts to communicate with him (emails and an internal Rated People message) prior to the end of May, I have had no response from him. Hence the rating.
Latest homeowner review
Nikki was excellent in all aspects of the job, and we will definately be using him again
Welcome to home build thank you for visiting my rated people page . We are a family run business specialising in all roofing work including: Re-roofs Flat roofs Slate Tiling Roof moss removed Chimneys Ridge & Hip tiles Lead work and Valleys Upvc fascia, soffits and guttering - cleaned, repaired and renewed. EPDM Rubber roofs. We give free estimates and all work is guaranteed so don’t hesitate and give us a call
Latest homeowner review
Arrived promptly.photos were taken of the work required. Advised of price. Job completed there and then. Thank you.
The Green Machine will provide you with professional high standards of workmanship with many years of experience and many happy customers so choose us with confidence.
Latest homeowner review
Ben did a great job cleaning my patio and garden wall. It looks so much better. Highly recommend
Latest homeowner review
pleased with work done and any problems would come back.
Social Distancing Since 2020. We Are Here For You. We are a Son and Father team with a wealth of experience of working for private clients.We also work at Pinewood Studios building film sets and advertising sets.Painting,Plumbing and building works.If you want something different then you have found us.
Latest homeowner review
Not only were Tim and Brian the best tradesmen who we have had, they were the tidest, most reliable, trustworthy people I have had work in my home. They stuck to the quote, fixed every problem that arose, made it as stress free as possible and were super friendly. They will be my first call for any future work that needs doing. They knocked down the wall between our kitchen and dinner and fitted a whole new kitchen... Couldnt be happier.
We specialise in loft conversions, garage conversions kitchens ,home renovations and extensions bespoke garden buildings
Latest homeowner review
Hello, I’m Connor from CRJ Carpentry Ltd. We cover all aspects of carpentry from changing all of your doors to cutting in a new hand cut roof. We also cover other building works such as extensions and garage conversion. We prioritise leaving a good job and and making sure the customer is left satisfied. Happy to answer any questions you may have and to work with you along the way. We look forward to hopefully work with you.
Latest homeowner review
Connor was friendly, helpful, quick with his responses and very professional. Him and his team did a wonderful job laying down flooring for me quickly and efficiently. Would definitely go to them again!
I do all works, from small jobs to building extensions, loft conversions, decorating and gardening works. Also, I do drainage and plumbing works.
Latest homeowner review
Good work but slight delay
Family run business specialising in all aspects of home improvements... *PVC windows and doors *Timber windows and doors *Aluminium windows and doors *Bi folds *Extensions *Conservatories *Orangeries *Warm roofs *Kitchens *Garage conversions *Composite garden rooms *Cladding *Block paving *Patios *Decking
Latest homeowner review
These guys are fab. The week they were to start fitting my windows the stormy weather hit the UK. They worked through torrential rain and gale force winds to get my windows and doors fitted. Everything was done on time. I cannot recommend this company enough.
Latest homeowner review
very professional and timely, knew the products and good overall project management.
Hi I'm Liam and I am a trade qualified carpenter both with a city and guilds and an NVQ. My skill set doesn't end there as I have my own company doing general building work. We can accommodate all types of works big and small to a very high clean standard
Latest homeowner review
Liam was a really nice guy he hung 5 doors and replaced all the skirting in 3 of our bedrooms. The work was carried out to a good standard. Liam was asked to have a look at our creaking stairs while he was there and was kind enough to fix this at the same time free of charge. Liam's number has been saved in my phone and he will be my first call should I need any form of joinery in the near future. Also left the place nice and tidy finished on time. Thanks Liam George and Amy George and Amy
A Honest & Reliable Tradesman that you can trust. Qualified with years of experience. Offering excellent workmanship and competitive rates with out compromising high finishing standards.All aspects of building work considered.Work is guaranteed!Call for Free quote & advice
Latest homeowner review
Great job - competitive quote - will definitely use again.
Rj plumbing and gas services
Latest homeowner review
It is unfair for me to put 'Poor' but there is not an appropriate 'option' choice in your list to explain what happened. I have no idea what his work is like as there was a misunderstanding about when he was supposed to come, and eventually I had to cancel the job.
20 years roofing all over Lincolnshire. I guarantee my work and I try to be fair with my pricing. Feel free to read the reviews of customers I’ve worked for.
Latest homeowner review
Turned up on agreed date and time. Very amicable and polite was a Dean was a pleasure to deal with. Job done to a high standard and in a timely manner.
FULLYFITTED OR FIXED No job to big or small Multiskilled to many to list over 25 years experience Any questions please ask away
Latest homeowner review
great job, no complaints
We are a Family run Business specialists at UPVC fascia board and windows and door fitting.50 years free foam guarantee been doing facias guttering downpipe soffits and all types of roof works for 10 years we only do full replacement because its the only proper way!! Read less
Latest homeowner review
Jason and his team at JW Roofline have done a great job removing and replacing all of our fascia, soffit guttering and drainpipes over the past 2 days. I considered a few companies and chose this company based on them offering complete replacement and photos of previous work on their website and on mybuilder also. They removed all the old wood rather than just covering it up, so it was a professional job. Highly recommend this business as they specialise in roofline replacement.
Hello it’s Herta Construction Ltd, we area builders in the London area. We specialise in extension, loft conversion, bathroom renovation, kitchen renovation, all types of roofs, carpentry and much more. Me and our team will put together high spec finishes at fairly low cost. My cost will be broken down and clear for the client to see. More than happy to do quotes for large or small jobs. We have a number of references in the area and I am more than happy to share them with you. I believe our work speaks for itself so please get in touch. Thanks.
Latest homeowner review
We are a family run business with over 25 years experiance we pride ourselves on being friendly fast and efficient as well as clean and tidy all work is fully G/teed and insured
Latest homeowner review
Brilliant tidy work. Very happy! Thank you
Create a job - it's free
We'll connect you with the right tradespeople, from over 30 different trades.
Get quotes
Up to 3 tradespeople can provide a quote, but on average you'll get 1-2.
Check ratings
Look at each tradesperson's profile to see their ratings and reviews.
Pick a tradesperson
Use our homeowner checklist for extra tips on choosing a tradesperson.
Job done
Leave a rating for your tradesperson based on quality, reliablity and value.